Residivisme Pencurian: Kegagalan Sistem atau Dorongan Sosial Pelaku di Makassar

Abstract

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi residivis khusus dalam mengulangi tindak pidana pencurian serta menilai upaya kepolisian dalam mencegah pengulangan kejahatan tersebut di wilayah hukum Kepolisian Resor Kota Besar Makassar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum empiris dengan pendekatan kriminologis yang menggabungkan analisis norma dengan realitas sosial di lapangan. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dengan aparat penegak hukum, pelaku residivis, serta pihak peradilan, dan didukung oleh data statistik serta kajian terhadap putusan perkara pencurian. Pembaharuan penelitian ini terletak pada pengintegrasian perspektif kriminologis dengan praktik penegakan hukum secara langsung untuk memahami residivisme tidak hanya sebagai persoalan hukum, tetapi juga sebagai fenomena sosial yang kompleks. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengulangan tindak pidana pencurian dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal berupa tekanan ekonomi, rendahnya pendidikan, lemahnya kesadaran hukum, dan kecenderungan gaya hidup instan, serta faktor eksternal seperti lingkungan pergaulan, stigma sosial, dan keterbatasan akses pekerjaan setelah menjalani pidana. Upaya kepolisian telah dilakukan melalui pendekatan preemtif, preventif, dan represif, namun efektivitasnya masih belum optimal karena cenderung berfokus pada penindakan dibandingkan pencegahan berkelanjutan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa residivisme pencurian merupakan hasil interaksi antara kelemahan sistem dan kondisi sosial pelaku. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi berupa penguatan sinergi antar lembaga, peningkatan program pembinaan pascapidana, serta optimalisasi strategi pencegahan berbasis masyarakat guna menekan angka residivisme secara berkelanjutan.

Kata Kunci: Residivisme Pencurian; Faktor Sosial; Kriminologi; Penegakan Hukum; Upaya Kepolisian.

Abstract: This study aims to examine the factors underlying recidivism, specifically in repeating the crime of theft, and to assess police efforts to prevent the recurrence of this crime within the jurisdiction of the Makassar City Police Department. This study uses an empirical legal method with a criminological approach that combines norm analysis with social realities in the field. Data were collected through interviews with law enforcement officers, recidivists, and the judiciary, and is supported by statistical data and a study of theft case decisions. The innovation of this study lies in the integration of a criminological perspective with direct law enforcement practices to understand recidivism not only as a legal issue, but also as a complex social phenomenon. The results of this study indicate that the repetition of the crime of theft is influenced by internal factors such as economic pressure, low education, weak legal awareness, and a tendency towards an instant lifestyle, as well as external factors such as social environment, social stigma, and limited access to employment after serving a sentence. Police efforts have been carried out through preemptive, preventive, and repressive approaches, but their effectiveness has been less than optimal because they tend to focus on enforcement rather than ongoing prevention. The conclusion of this study confirms that theft recidivism is the result of the interaction between system weaknesses and the perpetrator's social conditions. This study provides recommendations for strengthening inter-institutional synergy, enhancing post-conviction rehabilitation programs, and optimizing community-based prevention strategies to sustainably reduce recidivism rates.